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Mechanism of enzyme action

By: HWC, Views: 6548

â–  The substrate makes contact with the active site. â–  A change in the shape of the enzyme occurs resulting in the transformation of the substrate. â–  A substrate may undergo decomposition, have its atoms rearranged, or two substrates may be synthesized. â–  The products of the reaction...

Steps of glucose catabolism

By: HWC, Views: 6815

• During digestion, complex carbohydrates are hydrolyzed into monosaccharides, primarily glucose. • The catabolism of glucose is the primary source of energy for cellular production of ATP. • The anabolism of glucose is important in regulating blood glucose levels. • Glucose cat...

Nucleic acid digestion -small intestine

By: HWC, Views: 6731

Nucleic acid digestion, which takes place in the small intestine, involves: • Pancreatic nucleases. • Brush-border enzymes in the small intestine. • Nucleic acids enter the small intestine dissolved in gastric chyme. • As gastric chyme enters the duodenum of the small intestine, p...

Digestive chemicals - types & enzymes

By: HWC, Views: 6617

• Chemical digestion breaks down food as it moves through the digestive tract. • Using enzymes and other digestive chemicals, the process reduces food particles into nutrient molecules that can be absorbed. • Most chemical digestion is done by the actions of digestive enzymes. • O...

Types of energy transfer reactions: oxidation-reduction reactions and ATP generation reactions

By: HWC, Views: 7195

â–  Metabolism balances anabolic and catabolic reactions. â–  Anabolism is energy transfer from ATP to simpler molecules in order to build them up into larger, more complex molecules. â–  Catabolism is breaking down larger, more complex molecules, usually to transfer energy from them in order...

Carbohydrate digestion - mouth and stomach & pancreas and small intestine

By: HWC, Views: 6412

• Digestion of complex carbohydrates (starches and glycogen) involves: • Amylases produced by the salivary glands and pancreas. • Brush-border enzymes in small intestine. • In the mouth, amylase from the parotid and submandibular salivary glands begins carbohydrate digestion. â€...

ATPase function - membrane transport, contractile proteins and synthesis

By: HWC, Views: 7039

• Energy from ATP is used to move ions across the cell membrane during active transport. • This membrane protein transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. As such, it is called a sodium-potassium pump. • Because this pump also acts as an enzyme to hydrolyze ATP it i...

Barriers - eye structures, digestive mucosa, respiratory mucosa & genitourinary mucosa

By: HWC, Views: 6879

• Eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes and conjunctiva serve to trap microbes preventing their invasion. • Tearing (lacrimation) is a protective mechanism that washes away microbes that attempt to enter the eyes. • Salts, mucus, and lysozymes in tears neutralize substances and bacteria. â€...

Gas exchange - driving force

By: HWC, Views: 6751

• The respiratory system is responsible for the movement of gases involved in cellular metabolism. • Oxygen is used up and carbon dioxide is generated during the aerobic breakdown of glucose and other fuel molecules in order to produce ATP. • Three important continuous physiological pro...